The aci building code uses this formula for estimating the evalue of both types of concrete in composite design, the modular ratio, n esec, is important. For 3,000 psi, the nvalue for normal weight concrete is 9. Most of current concrete research focuses on highperformance concrete, by which is meant a costeffective material that satisfies demanding performance requirements, including durability. The main variables include water to cementitious material ratio wcm, filling ratio of paste or mortar in voids between coarse aggregate particles fv, filling ratio of sand in mortar fm, and cement replacement level by slag sc. The original development and use of selfcompacting concrete scc in japan started from the problem of the durability of concrete. Laboratory tests were conducted with norlite concrete in accordance with the standard method of testing for resistance of concrete to rapid freezing and thawing, astm designation c 666 procedure b, rapid freezing in air and thawing in water. Pdf engineering properties of structural lightweight. Lightweight concrete is typically manufactured with combinations of normalweight and lightweight aggregates. It was named portland cement because it looked like the. Download lightweight concrete seminar reports, ppt, pdf, lightweight concrete seminar topics, abstracts, full documentation, source code. Since it is generally 20% to 40% lighter than normalweight concrete, a structures dead load can be reduced, its foundation costs lowered, and its.
Structural lightweight concrete mixtures can be designed to achieve. Concrete is known by its grade which is designated as m15, m20 etc. This document is a technical summary of the federal highway administration report, lightweight concrete. Concrete basicsaddresses the needs of unskilled and semiskilled persons undertaking general concreting projects including home and handyman projects. Introduction structural concrete norlite lightweight. Properties of lightweight concrete masonry units made from. The modulus of elasticity of lightweight concrete differs from normal weight concrete. Concrete, highstrength lightweightstructural lightweight concrete with a 28 day compressive strength of 6000 psi 40 mpa or greater. Special concrete types and applications of special concrete. Lightweight concrete can help this situation by making available materials for more comfortable homes. Lightweight concrete is often the application of choice to reduce the dead load of a concrete structure, allowing the structural designer to reduce the size of architectural elements like columns, footings, and other loadbearing structures.
Pumice lightweight aggregate pla is a volcanicorigin natural aggregate of very low specific. Introduction to concrete portland cement association. Properties of lightweight aggregate for lightweight. In buildings, concrete is used for footings, foundations, columns, beams, girders, wall slabs, and roof unitsin short, all important. Introduction one of the main challenges in the design of concrete structures is to avoid the initiation of cracks regardless of the concrete element size, procedure of concreting, weather conditions and material properties. This cip focuses on structural lightweight concrete. Properties of concrete concrete is an artificial conglomerate stone made essentially of portland cement, water, and aggregates. In buildings, concrete is used for footings, foundations, columns, beams, girders, wall slabs, and roof unitsin short, all important building elements. Pdf fly ash fa, furnace bottom ash fba and lytag lg were used in the current study to replace ordinary portland cement opc, natural sand ns. Frequently, concrete may be used for some special purpose for which special properties are more important than those commonly considered.
These special applications often become apparent as new. The production includes a burning process where the mate rial expands and as a result has less density weight per unit volume. The most significant property of lightweight concrete is reduced weight at no sacrifice in strength. Lightweight concrete maintains its large voids and not forming laitance layers or cement films when placed on the wall. Pdf this paper presents a part of the results of an ongoing laboratory work carried out to design a structural lightweight concrete slwc. Concrete is considered to be lightweight is the density is not more than 2200kgm 3 the density of normal weight concrete is assumed to be between 2300kgm 3 and 2400kgm 3 and a. The great absorption rate of aggregate lowers the water content at the aggregatecement paste interface, and affects critically the mix design, and workability of fresh lightweight concrete. Concrete can be made from local resources and processed near a jobsite. Concrete is by far the most versatile and most widely used construction material worldwide. High performance structural lightweight concrete utilizing natural perlite aggregate and perlite powder submitted by hasan eser in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of master of science in civil engineering department, middle east technical university by, prof.
Special concrete means the concrete used or made for special cases, such as. Mechanical properties fhwa publication no fhwahrt61 fhwa contact. Laboratory investigation of lightweight concrete properties. This company has developed a type of lightweight aggregate that provides material for all types of construction needs, at. Similar to normal concrete except that it is made with lightweight aggregates or combination of lightweight and normalweight aggregates. Lightweight aggregate concrete properties, uses and weight per. Structural lightweight concrete is generally made by using artificial lightweight aggregates such as expanded clay, shale and slate. The primary use of structural lightweight concrete is to reduce the dead load of a concrete structure, which then allows the structural designer to reduce the size of columns, footings and other load bearing elements. Laboratory investigation of lightweight concrete properties vdot. Concrete slabs, 143 slab foundations, 143 forming up a slab foundation, 146 using screed joint forms, 147 pouring concrete slabs, 150 small concrete pours, 151 large concrete pours, 152 finishing lightweight concrete, 154. Obviously it has economical and technical advantages over ordinary concrete, such as construction saving due to the reduction of dead. The method used in the determinations for marble was the same as had been used for concrete.
Lightweight concrete can be defined as a type of concrete that includes an expanding agent, which increases the volume of the mixture while providing additional qualities such as reduced dead weight. Advantages and disadvantages of using lightweight concrete. Structural lightweight concrete mixtures can be designed to achieve similar strengths as normal weight concrete. In the paper the properties of concrete masonry unit cmu made from sedimentary lightweight aggregate lwa were investigated. Rational mix design of lightweight concrete for optimum strength. The f ct subset of the tfhrc lwc database was used to evaluate the expression for f sp implied by the aashto lrfd bridge design specifications. Structural design of lightweight concrete members relies. Light expanded clay aggregate leca was one of the lightweight aggregates that could be used to produce reasonably strong concrete. Concrete has a great variety of applications because it not only meets structural demands but also lends itself readily to architectural treatment.
Bond properties in lightweight selfcompacting concrete. The term concrete refers to a mixture of aggregates, usually sand. Components of concrete concrete is made up of two components, aggregates and paste. Pdf properties of lightweight concrete manufactured with fly ash.
In this article we discuss the properties, characteristics, uses and weight per cubic feet of lightweight aggregate concrete. Cip 36 structural lightweight concrete what is structural lightweight concrete structural lightweight concrete has an equilibrium density ranging from 90 to 120 lbft3 31440 to 1840 kgm compared to normalweight concrete with a density in the range of 140 to 150 lbft 3 2240 to 2400 kgm. Summary this paper discusses the unique physical characteristics of rotary kiln expanded slate lightweight aggregate for producing high performance and high strength lightweight concrete. In designing with lightweight concrete in composite design, it is recommended that no differentiation be made in nvalues for preliminary design only. Pumping concrete, 5 pumped concrete, 5 shotcrete and gunite, 7 using shotcrete, 140. Compressive strength of lightweight aggregate concrete. Lightweight concrete, density, unit weight, curing, splitting. With several million cubic yards of lightweight concrete being placed each year and the fact that normalweight concrete also has an.
However, in the mixing process, design ratios needed to be control at certain amount so that the fresh concrete behavior was favorable. Introduction to concrete concretess versatility, durability, sustainability, and economy have made it the worldss most widely used construction material. The compressive strength, elastic modulus, splitting tensile strength, specific creep, and other properties of lightweight concrete are significantly affected by the. Lightweight aggregate may consist of processed shale, clay, clinker, or other material. Keywords lightweight concrete lwc, materials, mechanical properties, applications. Ratio of these materials control the various concrete properties which are discussed below. It was also good in reducing the total density of the concrete. We are building in a cold wet earthquake zone climate, and are experimenting with a blend of mineral wool for insulative value and additional strength, pumice and concrete. Many researchers have been done in overseas, and show that foamed concrete is free. Lightweight concrete can be defined as a type of concrete which includes an expanding agent in that it increases the volume of the mixture while giving additional qualities such as nailbility and lessened the dead weight. Rational mix design of lightweight concrete for optimum. Lightweight concretes are widely accepted in the construction industry mainly due to its low density.
Typically, properties of lightweight concrete have been compared with those of normalweight concrete, and usually the comparison standard has been a single normalweight material. Principal research scientist introduction lightweight concrete lwc has been used for more than 2,000 years aci 2r american concrete institute aci, 2003. This type of concrete is lighter than the conventional concrete and is thus widely used in many countries. Using all coarse and fine lightweight aggregates in a concrete mixture can decrease the concrete density to less than 90 lbft3 31440 kgm. Concrete consistency is established according to the element type shown in table 1. Also, it focuses on the materials used to obtain lightweight concrete. Concrete basicsaims to provide a clear, concise explanation of all aspects of making quality concrete.
F sp implied by the aashto lrfd bridge design specifications for sand lightweight concrete and all lightweight concrete are based on the 0. All lightweight aggregates are porous in nature that water absorption is much greater than normal weight aggregate. The densities of lightweight concrete varies between 3001800 kgm3 2. Material properties material properties for gases, fluids and solids densities, specific heats, viscosities and more. Download lightweight concrete seminar reports, abstract.
Pdf mechanical properties of highstrength lightweight concrete. It can range from onehalf to threefourths of the evalue of normal weight concrete at a given strength level, depending on the weight of the concrete. Concrete is an ideal medium for recycling waste or industrial byproducts. Mechanical properties fhwahrt62, available through the national. Some special properties increased compressive and tensile strength, water proofing, and improved chemical resistance are achieved with polymers, either as admixtures or surface treatment of hardened concrete. Studying the properties of lightweight concrete using construction materials waste 299 properties of aggregate 8. Download lightweight concrete seminar reports, abstract, pdf, ppt. From an environmental standpoint, concrete has a lot to offer the ingredients of concrete water, aggregate, and cement are abundant. Properties of lightweight concrete by using light expanded. Some utilize special aggregates lightweight aggregate, steel fiber, plastic fiber, glass fiber, and special heavy aggregate. Pdf strength properties of lightweight concrete made with basaltic. For instance, in selfcompacting concrete scc, researchers, reported higher bond strength compared to conventional concrete cc and this was attributed to the low watertobinder wb ratio and high powder volume in scc which could reduce bleed. Properties of lightweight aggregate for lightweight concrete.
Sometimes, it may be of great importance to enhance one of the ordinary properties. This paper also discusses the applications of lightweight concrete. It has significant applications on the structure, the. Pdf mechanical properties of highstrength lightweight. The paste is composed of cement, water, and entrained air and ordinarily constitutes 20 to 40 percent of the total volume. The required amount of water as specified or predetermined. The basic design for lightweight concrete is covered in eurocode 2 part 11, with section 11 having particular rules required for lightweight aggregate concretes. The type of concrete used also influences the bond behaviour since different types of concrete involves distinctive concrete mixture designs. Properties of concrete while cement in one form or another has been around for centuries, the type we use was invented in 1824 in britain. The concrete consistency versus element type concrete element type concrete consistency base foundations from ordinary concrete, low reinforced concrete and massive elements s 2 or s 3. Structural lightweight concrete available today are rotary kiln expanded shale, clay or slate roughly 80% of structural use and sintered expanded shale or clay 20%. The main objective of this paper is to aware the people about lightweight concrete and how is the lightweight concrete is better option over conventional concrete. About four tons of concrete are produced per person per year worldwide and about 1. Lightweight foamed concrete with density from 400 kgrn3.
Pdf presents information on the mechanical properties of highstrength lightweight concrete up to 100 mpa with a corresponding density of 1865 kgm3 find, read and cite all the research. Concrete 1 concrete a composite material that consists essentially of a binding medium, such as a mixture of portland cement and water, within which are embedded particlesorfragmentsofaggregate,usuallyacombination of. Indeed, the reduction in the number of skilled workers, and the consequent poor compaction of structures, was a topic of great concern in the eighties, and helped the introduction of scc. More recently, scc is being commonly used in solid concrete slab in. Structural lightweight concrete has an inplace density unit weight on the order of 90 to 115 lb ft. Workability is most often assessed through the slump test aashto t 119, with a desired range in slump for eot concrete often specified between 50 and 150 mm 2. By using this unique concrete mix, you reduce the need for steel reinforcements and lower the overall volume of concrete required, which can result in lower. Chapter 1 properties of reinforced concrete free download as powerpoint presentation. Properties of lightweight concrete green home building. Pdf development of lightweight concrete for structural.
Chapter 1 properties of reinforced concrete strength of. The advantages of lightweight concrete are its reduced mass. Pdf the lightweight concrete has many advantages as compared to conventional concrete. Properties of concrete are influenced by many factors mainly due to mix proportion of cement, sand, aggregates and water. Lightweight foamed concrete with density from 400 kgrn3 to 1800 kgm3 can be produced strength up to 12 mpa. Early notable lwc structures include the port of cosa, the pantheon dome, and the coliseum. Typical properties of normal strength portland cement concrete. Since aggregate prewetting methods significantly affect fresh and hardened lightweight concrete properties, it is important to take this into account before the concrete production process. Properties of lightweight concrete for construction works. Lightweight concrete also know as foamed concrete which is lightweight material formed by entrapping or generating small bubbles of air into portland cement mix by mechanical or chemical means. Lightweight concrete mixture is made with a lightweight coarse aggregate and sometimes a portion or entire fine aggregates may be lightweight instead of normal aggregates. The most popular way of lightweight concrete lwc production is by using lwa3. F sp implied by the aashto lrfd bridge design specifications for sandlightweight concrete and alllightweight concrete are based on the 0.
The compressive strength, elastic modulus, splitting tensile. Research on using the lightweight aggregate lwa to produce concrete as a material of construction is important in concrete technology. For that reason, lightweight aggregate properties and the various types of lightweight concrete are discussed in detail with a special focus on. Structural lightweight concrete is a versatile building material typically with unit weights from 90 to 125 pounds per cubic foot and compressive strengths from 2,500 psi to more than 8,000 psi. Lightweight concrete lightweight concrete is of utmost importance to the construction industry.